Personal Narrative The Garden Of The Gods - 2046 Words

When I was twenty-eight years old I did not know my life would start to fall apart when I met my son’s father. In the beginning I was a single fun twenty-eight year old woman unfortunately at that time I had lost my job with the Department of Corrections due to layoffs in February of 2012. I knew layoffs were in the horizons and from that point I had made the decision to enjoy this time and take the time off and collect the unemployment benefits. Within those months, which the time off seemed like a miniature vacation, I would do all sorts of things such as hiking, swimming, laying out by the pool and taking a trip to Laughlin and Colorado Springs. My best friend Cristine and driven out to Colorado Springs with her then boyfriend, she did†¦show more content†¦It was time to let go of the bad habits and think of my future. This is all happened the end of July of 2012. It was then I realized that being single and finding myself, opened my eyes to how important friends and family really were and how supportive everyone around me could be. As the months went on I was going out all the time, to concerts, the bar, out of town mini trips and also meeting new people and possibly new prospects for a partner. My twenty-eighth birthday passed October 10th 2012, what a crazy night that turned out to be. My friends and I all got together grabbed some tables and our favorite local dive bar, ordered pizzas and had about 60 of our friends and their friends there all together. There were so many people there that night laughing, drinking, singing karaoke, eating and just enjoying the night. People seemed having a good time until Sarah (my friend) walked up to one of my other good friends, Shannon and said to her, â€Å"You smell like cigarettes can I have one?† Naturally Shannon was offended by what Sarah had said and then it happened, a huge fight broke out between those two and once they started fighting the entire bar started fighting. It was not a pretty scene. After everyone had scattered and left my best friend Cristine and I left also. Cristine wanted to meet someone so I tagged along. While at this guy’s house I was so distraught from the fight between my friends that I just wanted to leave. Mind you I hadShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Colonialist Values On Perceptions Of Native Americans1556 Words   |  7 Pagesperception caused by the influence of domination and colonialism. To prove his point, King uses metaphors and allusions, intervenes in literature with colonialist views to see how it differs compared to Native American traditions, and uses a clever narrative style to further echo his message. King allegorises the cultural conflicts between natives and European North American society by using his character’s situations to his advantage. In his novel, Lionel, the main protagonist, is continuously hauntedRead MoreThe Garden, The Apple And The Fall-982 Words   |  4 PagesThe Garden, The Apple and The Fall- The Retelling of The Fall of Man from Paradise in Western Literature Western literature, particularly that of a religious nature, is replete with references to paradise, a transcendental reality in which man exists in his ideal state. In the western canon, the Garden of Eden is ubiquitous with this paradise or heaven. What is the Garden of Eden? In what ways has man’s fall from paradise influenced the mindset and psyche of modern man? Like many tales inRead MoreThe Hebrew Bible1371 Words   |  6 PagesBible, they operated from four basic assumptions which shaped their understanding of the text. They believed the Bible to be a cryptic text, full of many hidden meanings. It was living (relevant to the present times,) inerrant, and the divine word of God (Kugel, 14-15). Modern scholarship, by contrast, finds its origins in Wellhausen’s documentary hypothesis. Drawing upon his work, as well as that of Benedict Spinoza, modern scholarship operates on its own set of four assumptions, believing the BibleRead More Augustines Confessions Pape r1340 Words   |  6 Pagesthe word narrative. Confessions seem to be more of something stated directly without any story-like element. They are also a more personal thing- one does not simply put them in a story form unless purposely intending to do so, because usually it is something that expresses guilt for something personal or is between the author and their conscience (or perhaps to themselves). However, there can always be an exception, like Augustines Confessions. It is written as a form of a narrative, even thoughRead MoreSummary Of The Truth About Stories 739 Words   |  3 Pagesones belief towards life. The narrator interacts with the listener through these stories and expects him to follow the learning from his storytelling. King explores these stories to aware people about the welfare of society and how it shapes our personal myths. Stories are the only means that let us know how the world was actually created and how everything is correlated. King explores these stories so that he can share his experiences with the reader. Sometimes stories narrated by the King are miraculousRead MoreThe Biblical Period Of Jewish History1455 Words   |  6 PagesWhile the God of Judaism is held by most to be a singular omnipotent being, deeper study shows a changing view of the Judaic God and God’s relationship to individuals. The core Jewish belief of God’s almighty power can be seen to fade as one explores ancient Biblical Judaism up to Modern Judaism today. During the ancient Biblical period in Judaism, God was the one decider of fate. Over time, the interpretation and supplementation of God’s works diminished God’s central power, distributing it amongRead MoreThe Great Awakening By Chr istine Leigh Heyrman1409 Words   |  6 Pagesfor a deep and significant personal relationship with God. Thus, this dogma spread to other denominations throughout the colonies in America (Heyrman).† As a result, The Great Awakening spread throughout the middle colonies in America by notable revivalist preachers instituting moderate Calvinistic doctrinal theology especially for the Presbyterians and the Congregationalists, and opened the door to unprecedented world societal changes. Whether answering a call from God or by invitation, TheodorusRead MoreReligious Doctrine, Beliefs, And Social Practices1348 Words   |  6 Pagesfor a deep and significant personal relationship with God. Thus, this dogma spread to other denominations throughout the colonies in America (Heyrman).† As a result, The Great Awakening spread throughout the middle colonies in America by notable revivalist preachers instituting moderate Calvinistic doctrinal theology especially for the Presbyterians and the Congregationalists, and opened the door to unprecedented world societal changes. Whether answering a call from God or by invitation, TheodorusRead MorePerception: the True Meaning of Identity1716 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing may seem insignificant, yet we hold the key to restoration and preservation of our societal life cycle. Whitman’s poems paralleled the bible when he referred to God’s love for Adam and Eve that was so great, it drove to their creation for his Garden of Eden. â€Å"Ages and ages, returning at intervals, Undestroy’d, wandering immortal, Lusty phallic, with the potent original loins, perfectly sweet, I chanter of Adamic songs† (Bartleby). Adam and Eve disobeyed God’s only wish, which led to the firstRead MoreWorship Is Our Response By The Things We Live1329 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Worship is†¦ our response, both personal and corporate, to God – for who He is! And what He has done! Expressed in and by the things we say and the way we live.† There are many definitions of worship out there. I have found that this one seems to best fit my heart when praying through the topic of worship. Worship is something that begins in the heart, privately, and then flows out during times of public and corporate gathering. Worship however, is someth ing far deeper than music, dance, art, or

Jay Gatsbys Materialism in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott...

John D. Rockefeller once said, â€Å"I can think of nothing less pleasurable than a life devoted to pleasure.† Throughout F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, the importance of rampant materialism, excessive need for luxury and unprecedented levels of prosperity in the roaring twenties is shown through the life of Jay Gatsby. When one is asked of the 1920s, the first things that come to mind are flapper girls, jazz, the birth of mass culture, and prohibition. This was an age of dramatic social and political change with the nation’s wealth almost doubling in size. Many Americans had extra money to spend, and a new found freedom to go or do whatever they pleased. Jay Gatsby, of The Great Gatsby, was one of the many caught in the trap of desire in the 1920s. Though some freedoms expanded in the 1920s, the eighteenth amendment banned the manufacture and sale of intoxicating beverages. Of course, while this took a toll on many Americans, others took advantage of it. The self-made Jay Gatsby’s inspiration for a new life comes from the wealthy, beautiful Daisy Buchanan whom he falls deeply in love with. Her voice â€Å"full of money† (Fitzgerald 127), drags him and from then on, he is forever hooked. At a time where a fine line was placed between the rich and the poor, Gatsby’s dream of being with her is ruined when her parents deem him unsuitable. With this in mind, Gatsby forms a new dream driven by his love for Daisy and his longing to impress her and her life of luxury.Show MoreRelatedGreat Gatsby Essay2435 Words   |  10 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ENG3U0-E 28 January 2012 Materialism in The Great Gatsby Every writer has an inspiration, whether they get inspired from their personal lives or the lives of others, nonetheless they get inspired. Inspiration is what causes others to write, it is the fundamental reasoning behind writing. F. Scott Fitzgerald is no exception. The Great Gatsby is a classic American Novel that focuses on timeless themes such as ambition, greed and finally love. F. Scott Fitzgerald was inspired by various factorsRead MoreThe Decay of American Dream in The Great Gatsby1289 Words   |  6 PagesDream in The Great Gatsby The American Dream is a worldwide known idiom and it emphasizes an ideal of a successful and happy lifestyle which is oftentimes symbolized by the phrase â€Å"from rags-to-riches†. It originated out of the ideal of equality, freedom and opportunity that is held to every American. In the last couple of decades the main idea of the American Dream has shifted to becoming a dream in which materialistic values are of a higher importance and status. The Great Gatsby is a novelRead MoreEssay about F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1480 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Any American is taught a dream that is purged of all truth. The American Dream is shown to the world as a belief that anyone can do anything; when in reality, life is filled with impossible boundaries. In the novel, The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald gives us a glimpse into the life of the upper class during the roaring twenties through the eyes of a moralistic young man named Nick Carraway. It is through the narrators dealings with the upper class thatRead More Materialism in The Great Gatsby Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesMaterialism may be defined as attention to or emphasis on material objects, needs or considerations, with a disinterest in or rejection of spiritual values. The acquisition of material wealth is often equated with happiness in this country. This is true today, and it was true during the 1920s, the setting of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. That the majority of Americans believe that wealth and happiness are the same is a result of our market economy that encourages consumption and conditionsRead MoreEssay on F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby968 Words   |  4 Pages The 1920s was a time of excess and growth. Economically, it was a time for great financial gain. Largely because of improvements in technology, productivity increased while overall production costs decreased, and the economy grew. Not only was this time filled with prosperity, but corruption as well. People who had previously worked day and night finally acquired leisure time. Some of the most wealthy people made the choice to fill this free time with gluttony and lust. Many authorsRead MoreThe American Dream in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald Essay10 65 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Dream in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald The American Dream is the fantasy of complete independence and self-reliance mixed with the opportunity to attain wealth through ones labours. On the surface, this dream seems almost enchanted, offering people the unique prospect of achieving success regardless of ones race, religion or family history. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is an immortal illustration of the American Dream. Fitzgerald analyses the 1920sRead MoreViews of Entitlement in the Great Gatsby1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Gatsby as Fitzgerald’s explanation of an American Reality which contradicts the American Dream That was always my experience—a poor boy in a rich town; a poor boy in a rich boys school; a poor boy in a rich mans club at Princeton.... However, I have never been able to forgive the rich for being rich, and it has colored my entire life and works.   —F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Life in Letters, ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York: Scribners, 1994. pg. 352. The Great Gatsby, by F. ScottRead MoreMaterialism - the Great Gatsby1732 Words   |  7 PagesMaterialism America has been labeled The land of opportunity, a place where it is possible to accomplish anything and everything. This state of mind is known as The American Dream. The American Dream provides a sense of hope and faith that looks forward to the fulfillment of human wishes and desires. This dream, however, originates from a desire for spiritual and material improvement. Unfortunately, the acquisition of material has been tied together with happiness in America. AlthoughRead MoreFailure Of The American Dream In The Writings Of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zora Neale Hurston, And August Wilson1418 Words   |  6 PagesThis literary study will define the failure of the †American Dream† in the writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Arthur Miller, Zora Neale Hurston, and August Wilson. Fitzgerald’s account of the Jay Gatsby s rise to fame in the 1920s defines the failure of financial success as part of the American Dream. Gatsby will eventually die due to his excessive gree d, which is not unlike the emotional death of Willy Loman as he fails to become a successful salesman in Author Miller’s Death of a Salesman. MoreRead MoreEssay about Great Gatsby862 Words   |  4 Pages F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby / Gatsbys Desire for Daisy exploring why Gatsby had such an obsessive desire for Daisy. The writer purports that Gatsby began by pursuing an ideal, not the real woman. In fact, he could not recognize the type of person she had become since they last saw each other. Gatsby lives in a dream world and Daisy is part of that dream. As the novel progresses, however, Gatsbys feelings change. Bibliography lists Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby : The Role

Case Study for Standard Software Testing- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCase Study for Standard Software Testing. Answer: Annotated Bibliography Reference 1: Moore (2006) This particular article discusses on constructing a roadmap for the software engineering. The author argued on the challenges and gaps raised in software engineering. This paper provides with IEEE software and system standards. The author researched on the fundamental principles of the software engineering with a need to describe curriculum of the disciplines. Moore (2006) stressed that a corpus of the software engineering standards comprises a formalization of the best practices. It results into lack of integration as well as coherence. There is also some sort of overlapping. The evidence is evolution of the software engineering standards and tools. In order to mitigate the gaps, the standard organizations require better take hold of the basics of the discipline of the software engineering. Moore (2006) noted that disciplines of the software engineering established a connection between the engineering principles and also standards that limit the standards. This particular IEEE paper provides the vision of the future challenges in area of software engineering. In the other articles, from the literature review it is revealed that most of the author used the terms-principles, techniques, standards in inexact way. This current paper is better as compared to other articles as in other articles, there is nonexistence of accurate definition of the terms used and lack of information into software engineering standards is a basis of uncertainty for the researchers. Reference 2: Takahashi (2008) The author argued on that the coalition means to form of testing standards in favor of the anti-virus software. This paper figures out the varieties of malware that every of the software packages can capable to block. The author knew the features of the anti-virus software so as to discontinue the e-mail phishing, elimination of viruses, updation of the malware and protection of the passwords. This evidence is supported by creation of software standards to evaluate the anti-virus software. Takahashi (2008) proved the evidence is supported by conducting a crash test dummy into the car industry. In order to do testing, a computer is scanned to examine whether the anti-virus software will accept the bugs on the machine. Anti-virus software is used to examine the signature of recognized threats and mitigate them. The software does heuristic analysis and assessment to identify whether the program has innovative functions. The software can utilize of intrusion detection method to analyze t he network traffic (Takahashi, 2008). It stops the bad means of the firewall which divides the computer and also the group from the internet. When this article is compared to other, then it is seen that this particular article cannot provide recommendations on use of other testing tool which is better for eliminating the viruses. Key word driven testing (2014) In this article, the author argued on keyword driven testing which is a software testing methodology which is perfect to do manual as well as the automated testing. This methodology divides certification of the test cases. The test creation development has two stages- design as well as progress stage as well as implementation stage. The evidence provided for testing is some standards set to structure keywords as well as attributes. The author convinced with the evidence as software testing standards are provided ISO/ICE/IEE 29119 models for testing specifications. The keyword driven testing permits automation to start earlier into SDLC even before a stable build is being delivered for the purpose of testing (Key word driven testing, 2014). The idea behind the evidence of keyword drive approach is to divide coding from test case as well as test step. Therefore, the non-technical person can able to understand the automation process. Various types of software tools are designed for test ing. This proposed methodology is used to select keywords as well as attributes. This standard is appropriate for the programmers in addition to testers to generate applications for key word driven test. The authors argument is regarded to other articles which build to create keywords and identify the test cases. With the keyword selection software, set of attributes and keywords are being selected. Abstract The first article is based on road map for the software testing in which the author discussed on the software engineering principles with requirements to explain curriculum of the disciplines. Software testing is based on three steps such as analyze the requirements, determination of feasibility and begin with the test automation. In the second article, it evaluated on coalition aims to generate of testing standards for the anti-virus software. Software testing is done to examine the computer to observe if the anti-virus software will recognize the viruses in the computer. Antivirus software is used to detect as well as eliminate of computer viruses. The newspaper article provides the testing methods and processes for the software to protect them from virus, spyware and malware attacks. The article reviews on crash test dummy into the car business to provide evidence on the testing principles for the anti-virus software. The software conducted heuristic analysis in addition to do eva luation for identifying whether the program has inventive purposes. It is used as intrusion detection method to investigate the network traffic. In the third article, keyword driven testing is analyzed by the author for separating documentation of the test cases. It evaluates on the methods for software testing based on various viewpoints of testing. The testing is done for selecting keywords need for the organization. These three articles provides standards for the software testing so that the software develop can design, build and test the software for successful implementation of a software project. Standard software testing plays a vital role into software projects. References IEEE Reference paper (april 28, 2014) - key word driven testing. Moore, J.W., 2006. The road map to software engineering. Wiley-Interscience. Takahashi, D. (2008). Takahashi: Coalition aims to create testing standards for anti-virus software The Mercury News.

Public vs private transport free essay sample

The first car appeared in British roads in 1888. By the year 2000 there may be as many as 29 million vehicles on British roads. Alternative forms of transportation should be encouraged and international law introduces to control car ownership and use. To what extent do you agree or disagree? During the 18th century, there were only a number of cars that can be sighted on the roads. And only well-off families can afford to purchase their own transportation. After a century, vehicles that can be seen on the road boosted in number. Due to technological advancement and increased in population all over the world, having your own car as a means of transportation became an asset and necessity. Nowadays, there is a high level of competition amongst car companies therefore, it results to low car prices where in a lower to middle class families or individual can already meet the expenses of owning a car. We will write a custom essay sample on Public vs private transport or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yes it does have advantages. For instance, I also have my own car, I have my own time and I can leave my home anytime I want to without the hassle of staying in the long queue to take the shuttle and be at the office on time. In addition, it decreases your chance of getting air-borne diseases that everyone can acquire from polluted and closed areas. In contrary, the main disadvantage of having your own transportation is the amount of gas that it consumes from time to time especially during rush hours where heavy traffic is at stake. Since gases are not environmentally friendly as it contributes to the thinning of the ozone layer. And for that reason, I strongly believe that leaders in every country should take control over distribution of privately owned cars to public. The government is really working hard on providing people an alternative means of transportation and accessible to service users as well, hence public transport should be utilized. Citing an example, we have the light railway transport that we have in our country. Given that this is operated by electricity, it is cheaper and more eco-friendly. The price of fare is low-cost making it more affordable for most the commuters. It is also running at a constant speed therefore you may perhaps get from one destination to another in an estimated time. In conclusion, owning a private car is an advantage and convenient as you can travel anytime anywhere you like but if we think of it, it only contributes to the environmental pollution it is providing. Taking a public transport is way more eco-friendly and affordable on the side of the commuters and thus, lessens the traffic on roads.

O-Town free essay sample

In the spring of 2000, MTV and Lou Pearlman (creator ofthe Backstreet Boys and *NSYNC) set out to create yet another boy band. Only thistime, instead of bringing them into the public eye out of nowhere, they wouldshow their lives before they became famous. The show was called Making theBand, and it was an instant hit. The band called themselves O-Town,after Orlando, Florida. Soon O-Town was making appearances on TRL, on which theirLiquid video premiered. Their album debuted at #21 on the BillboardHot 100 and their video was a success. It may well be thought that they wereaccepted into the already over-populated music world because of the show and nottheir music. O-Towns songs range from overemphasizing sex and physicalappearance to unrealistic romance. In Liquid, the guys name everycharacteristic they want in a woman. Here is where the obsession with physicalappearance comes into play; they describe their dream woman as a dominatrixsupermodel beauty queen. We will write a custom essay sample on O-Town or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The song The Sexiest Woman Alive needsno explanation. Lines like I like the way we touch in the night andYou know you got a lot in your Calvin Jeans are repulsive. Suddenly, though, they decide to change their outlook toward women and inSensitive explain how deep they are: See Ive given youeverything thats inside What can I say, girl, Im sensitive. It seemsthis band has a split personality when it comes to choosing material. Obviously O-Town is targeting teens, as do the other boy bands, but ifthey are going to keep their sex-obsessed image, they should target an olderaudience.

Sample Essay on Various Subjects

Sample Essay on Various SubjectsAre you looking for a sample essay on various subjects? If so, then you are not alone. This is because there are many writers out there who want to write essays for students but do not know how to go about it.In this article, we will try to help you get started with essay samples. In the following paragraphs, we will discuss some of the things that you should look for when it comes to samples of essays.First of all, you need to understand that there are two different essay samples that are available in the market. First, there are the free ones that are available over the internet and second, there are those that are available for students to use. The difference between the two is that the free ones can be downloaded free of cost to the student have to pay for the one that is available for use.Second, you need to identify what you want your essay to say. There are some students who write in the objective of the essay while others prefer to write in the introductory part. Whatever you decide to write in the essay, it is important that you are able to answer this question.Next, you need to start writing your essay. Before starting, you need to make sure that you have read the sample and that you understand it. This will give you a sense of whether you are able to write an essay on the sample or not.Third, you need to understand the style of the essay that you have written. You have to remember that not all the essay writers follow the same rules when it comes to writing essays. For instance, some people prefer to use a real life example while others like to use a fictional example. Understanding the way in which an essay writer has written a certain essay will help you understand how to write a similar essay. Fourth, you need to be able to know what kinds of topics you can write about with the sample essay. You need to know what types of topics will fit your skill level.Finally, the final step is to complete the assignment that you have been assigned by the editor. This means that you have to come up with a final draft of the essay that you have written. Once this has been done, you need to submit it in its entirety to the editor.

French and Indian War - Campaigns of 1756-1757

French and Indian War - Campaigns of 1756-1757 Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Changes in Command In the wake of Major General Edward Braddocks death at the Battle of Monongahela in July 1755, command of British forces in North America passed to Governor William Shirley of Massachusetts. Unable to come to an accord with his commanders, he was replaced in January 1756, when the Duke of Newcastle, heading the British government, appointed Lord Loudoun to the post with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Changes were also afoot to the north where Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, Marquis de Saint-Veran arrived in May with a small contingent of reinforcements and orders to assume overall command of French forces. This appointment angered the Marquis de Vaudreuil, governor of New France (Canada), as he had designs on the post. In the winter of 1756, prior to Montcalms arrival, Vaudreuil ordered a series of successful raids against the British supply lines leading to Fort Oswego. These destroyed large quantities of supplies and hampered British plans for campaigning on Lake Ontario later that year. Arriving in Albany, NY in July, Abercrombie proved a highly cautious commander and refused to take action without Loudouns approval. This was countered by Montcalm who proved highly aggressive. Moving to Fort Carillon on Lake Champlain he feinted an advance south before shifting west to conduct an attack on Fort Oswego. Moving against the fort in mid-August, he compelled its surrender and effectively eliminated the British presence on Lake Ontario. Shifting Alliances While fighting raged in the colonies, Newcastle sought to avoid a general conflict in Europe. Due to changing national interests on the Continent, the systems of alliances that had been in place for decades began to decay as each country sought to safeguard their interests. While Newcastle wished fight a decisive colonial war against the French, he was hampered by the need to protect the Electorate of Hanover which had ties to the British royal family. In seeking a new ally to guarantee the safety of Hanover, he found a willing partner in Prussia. A former British adversary, Prussia wished to retain the lands (namely Silesia) it had gained during the War of the Austrian Succession. Concerned about the possibility of a large alliance against his nation, King Frederick II (the Great) began making overtures to London in May 1755. Subsequent negotiations led to the Convention of Westminster which was signed on January 15, 1756. Defensive in nature, this agreement called for Prussia to pr otect Hanover from the French in exchange for the British withholding aid from Austria in any conflict over Silesia. A long-time ally of Britain, Austria was angered by the Convention and stepped up talks with France. Though reluctant to join with Austria, Louis XV agreed to a defensive alliance in the wake of increasing hostilities with Britain. Signed on May 1, 1756, the Treaty of Versailles saw the two nations agree to provide aid and troops should one be attacked by a third party. In addition, Austria agreed not to aid Britain in any colonial conflicts. Operating on the fringe of these talks was Russia which was eager to contain Prussian expansionism while also improving their position in Poland. While not a signatory of the treaty, Empress Elizabeths government was sympathetic to the French and Austrians. War is Declared While Newcastle worked to limit the conflict, the French moved to expand it. Forming a large force at Toulon, the French fleet began an attack on British-held Minorca in April 1756. In an effort to relieve the garrison, the Royal Navy dispatched a force to the area under the command of Admiral John Byng. Beset by delays and with ships in ill-repair, Byng reached Minorca and clashed with a French fleet of equal size on May 20. Though the action was inconclusive, Byngs ships took substantial damage and in a resulting council of war his officers agreed that the fleet should return to Gibraltar. Under increasing pressure, the British garrison on Minorca surrendered on May 28. In a tragic turn of events, Byng was charged with not doing his utmost to relieve the island and after a court-martial was executed. In response to the attack on Minorca, Britain officially declared war on May 17, nearly two years after the first shots in North America. Frederick Moves As war between Britain and France was formalized, Frederick became increasingly concerned about France, Austria, and Russian moving against Prussia. Alerted that Austria and Russia were mobilizing, he did likewise. In a preemptive move, Fredericks highly disciplined forces began an invasion of Saxony on August 29 which was aligned with his enemies. Catching the Saxons by surprise, he cornered their small army at Pirna. Moving to aid the Saxons, an Austrian army under Marshal Maximilian von Browne marched towards the border. Advancing to meet the enemy, Frederick attacked Browne at the Battle of Lobositz on October 1. In heavy fighting, the Prussians were able to compel the Austrians to retreat (Map). Though the Austrians continued attempts to relieve the Saxons they were in vain and the forces at Pirna surrendered two weeks later. Though Frederick had intended the invasion of Saxony to serve as a warning to his adversaries, it only worked to further unite them. The military events of 1756 effectively eliminated the hope that a large-scale war could be avoided. Accepting this inevitability, both sides began re-working their defensive alliances into ones that were more offensive in nature. Though already allied in spirit, Russia officially joined with France and Austria on January 11, 1757, when it became the third signatory of the Treaty of Versailles. Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns British Setbacks in North America Largely inactive in 1756, Lord Loudoun remained inert through the opening months of 1757. In April he received orders to mount an expedition against the French fortress city of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island. An important base for the French navy, the city also guarded the approaches to the Saint Lawrence River and the heartland of New France. Stripping troops from the New York frontier, he was able to assemble a strike force at Halifax by early July. While waiting for a Royal Navy squadron, Loudoun received intelligence that the French had massed 22 ships of the line and around 7,000 men at Louisbourg. Feeling that he lacked the numbers to defeat such a force, Loudoun abandoned the expedition and began returning his men to New York. While Loudoun was shifting men up and down the coast, the industrious Montcalm had moved to the offensive. Gathering around 8,000 regulars, militia, and Native American warriors, he pushed south across Lake George with the goal of taking Fort William Henry. Held by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Munro and 2,200 men, the fort possessed 17 guns. By August 3, Montcalm had surrounded the fort and laid siege. Though Munro requested aid from Fort Edward to the south it was not forthcoming as the commander there believed the French had around 12,000 men. Under heavy pressure, Munro was forced to surrender on August 9. Though Munros garrison was paroled and guaranteed safe conduct to Fort Edward, they were attacked by Montcalms Native Americans as they departed with over 100 men, women, and children killed. The defeat eliminated the British presence on Lake George. Defeat in Hanover With Fredericks incursion into Saxony the Treaty of Versailles was activated and the French began making preparations to strike Hanover and western Prussia. Informing the British of French intentions, Frederick estimated that the enemy would attack with around 50,000 men. Facing recruitment issues and war aims that called for a colonies-first approach, London did not wish to deploy large numbers of men to the Continent. As a result, Frederick suggested that the Hanoverian and Hessian forces that had been summoned to Britain earlier in the conflict be returned and augmented by Prussian and other German troops. This plan for an Army of Observation was agreed to and effectively saw the British pay for an army to defend Hanover that included no British soldiers. On March 30, 1757, the Duke of Cumberland, son of King George II, was assigned to lead the allied army. Opposing Cumberland were around 100,000 men under the direction of the Duc dEstrà ©es. In early April the French crossed the Rhine and pushed towards Wesel. As the dEstrà ©es moved, the French, Austrians, and Russians formalized the Second Treaty of Versailles which was an offensive agreement designed to crush Prussia. Outnumbered, Cumberland continued to fall back until early June when he attempted a stand at Brackwede. Flanked out of this position, the Army of Observation was compelled to retreat. Turning, Cumberland next assumed a strong defensive position at Hastenbeck. On July 26, the French attacked and after an intense, confused battle both sides withdrew. Having ceded most of Hanover in the course of the campaign, Cumberland felt compelled to enter into the Convention of Klosterzeven which de-mobilized his army and withdrew Hanover from the war (Map). This agreement proved highly unpopular with Frederick as it greatly weakened his western frontier. The defeat and convention effectively ended Cumberlands military career. In an effort to draw French troops away from the front, the Royal Navy planned attacks on the French coast. Assembling troops on the Isle of Wight, an attempt was made to raid Rochefort in September. While the Isle dAix was captured, word of French reinforcements in Rochefort led to the attack being abandoned. Frederick in Bohemia Having won a victory in Saxony the year before, Frederick looked to invade Bohemia in 1757 with the goal of crushing the Austrian army. Crossing the border with 116,000 men divided into four forces, Frederick drove on Prague where he met the Austrians who were commanded by Browne and Prince Charles of Lorraine. In a hard fought engagement, the Prussians drove the Austrians from the field and forced many to flee into the city. Having won in the field, Frederick laid siege to the city on May 29. In an effort to recover the situation, a new Austrian 30,000-man force led by Marshal Leopold von Daun was assembled to the east. Dispatching the Duke of Bevern to deal with Daun, Frederick soon followed with additional men. Meeting near Kolin on June 18, Daun defeated Frederick forcing the Prussians to abandon the siege of Prague and depart Bohemia (Map). Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Prussia Under Pressure Later that summer, Russian forces began to enter the fray. Receiving permission from the King of Poland, who was also the Elector of Saxony, the Russians were able to march across Poland to strike at the province of East Prussia. Advancing on a broad front, Field Marshal Stephen F. Apraksins 55,000-man army drove back Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt smaller 32,000-man force. As the Russian moved against the provincial capital of Kà ¶nigsberg, Lehwaldt launched an attack intended to strike the enemy on the march. In the resulting Battle of Gross-Jgersdorf on August 30, the Prussians were defeated and forced to retreat west into Pomerania. Despite occupying East Prussia, the Russians withdrew to Poland in October, a move which led to Apraksins removal. Having been ousted from Bohemia, Frederick was next required to meet a French threat from the west. Advancing with 42,000 men, Charles, Prince of Soubise, attacked into Brandenburg with a mixed French and German army. Leaving 30,000 men to protect Silesia, Frederick raced west with 22,000 men. On November 5, the two armies met at the Battle of Rossbach which saw Frederick win a decisive victory. In the fighting, the allied army lost around 10,000 men, while Prussian losses totaled 548 (Map). While Frederick was dealing with Soubise, Austrian forces began invading Silesia and defeated a Prussian army near Breslau. Utilizing interior lines, Frederick shifted 30,000 men east to confront the Austrians under Charles at Leuthen on December 5. Though outnumbered 2-to-1, Frederick was able to move around the Austrian right flank and, using a tactic known as oblique order, shattered the Austrian army. The Battle of Leuthen is generally considered Fredericks masterpiece and saw his army inflict losses totaling around 22,000 while only sustaining approximately 6,400. Having dealt with the major threats facing Prussia, Frederick returned north and defeated an incursion by the Swedes. In the process, Prussian troops occupied most of Swedish Pomerania. While the initiative rested with Frederick, the years battles had badly bled his armies and he needed to rest and refit. Faraway Fighting While fighting raged in Europe and North America it also spilled over to the more faraway outposts of the British and French Empires making the conflict the worlds first global war. In India, the two nations trading interests were represented by the French and English East India Companies. In asserting their power, both organizations built their own military forces and recruited additional sepoy units. In 1756, fighting began in Bengal after both sides began reinforcing their trading stations. This angered the local Nawab, Siraj-ud-Duala, who ordered military preparations to cease. The British refused and in a short time the Nawabs forces had seized the English East India Companys stations, including Calcutta. After taking Fort William in Calcutta, a large number of British prisoners were herded into a tiny prison. Dubbed the Black Hole of Calcutta, many died from heat exhaustion and being smothered. The English East India Company moved quickly to regain its position in Bengal and dispatched forces under Robert Clive from Madras. Carried by four ships of line commanded by Vice Admiral Charles Watson, Clives force re-took Calcutta and attacked Hooghly. After a brief battle with the Nawabs army on February 4, Clive was able to conclude a treaty which saw all British property returned. Concerned about growing British power in Bengal, the Nawab began corresponding with the French. At this same time, the badly outnumbered Clive began making deals with the Nawabs officers to overthrow him. On June 23, Clive moved to attack the Nawabs army which was now backed by French artillery. Meeting at the Battle of Plassey, Clive won a stunning victory when the conspirators forces remained out of the battle. The victory eliminated French influence in Bengal and the fighting shifted south. Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns